Introduction
1.1. Discussion
Recently there has been a significant increase in the number
of practicing civil engineers using computer programs for the preparation of water resource related studies. With the advent of inexpensive microcomputer systems, detailed hydrology and hydraulics studies can be prepared at a fraction of the cost of analysis prepared by hand calculations. Additionally, with the availability of software prepared especially for microcomputers, new advances in water resources are readily distributed for use in practical design....
The main objective of this book is to provide both a summary of the basic principles used in water resources related engineering projects, and a collection of FORTRAN computer programs to apply these principles to a microcomputer system. The book focuses upon the following six major fields:
1. Watershed hydrology for urbanized watersheds,
2. Channel hydraulics for storm drain pipeline systems,
3. Water distribution systems,
4. Unsteady and steady flow in open channels,
5. Groundwater flow modeling,
6. Groundwater contamination modeling.
1.2. Presentation
This book has several features that should appeal to both the student or practicing civil engineer who wishes to advance his skills and prepare a comprehensive software library for use on a microcomputer system which supports FORTRAN. These features include:
1. Review of fundamental principles employed in the subject analysis procedures,
2. FORTRAN computer programs tailored for use on a microcomputer system,
3. Detailed example problems,
4. Comprehensive program documentation including, when appropriate, user-friendly input form sheets for display on the computer terminal
It is stressed that the included software is currently in extensive use by small and large civil engineering firms, colleges, and public agencies. Several of the programs are utilized for county-wide water resources planning purposes and flood control engineering.
Table Of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1. Discussion
1.2. Presentation
Chapter 2 - A Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Model
2.1. Introduction
2.1.1. Background
2.1.2. Terminology
2.2. Determination of Synthetic Distribution Graphs
2.3. Development of a Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
2.4. Intensity-Duration Curves for Design Storm Point Precipitation
2.5. Area-Averaged Point Rainfall
2.6. Synthetic Critical Storm Patterns
2.6.1. Design Storm Pattern Approach
2.6.2. Depth-Area Relationships
2.6.3. Modified Composite Storm Pattern
2.6.4. Design Storm Point Precipitation
2.7. Effective Rainfall Estimation
2.7.1. S.C.S. Hydrologic Soil Groups
2.7.2. Antecedent Moisture Condition
2.7.3. Impervious Areas
2.7.4. Watershed Development Conditions
2.7.5. Estimation of Infiltration Rates
2.8. Synthetic Runoff Hydrograph Development
2.9. Instructions for a Synthetic Runoff
Hydrograph Development
2.10. A Synthetic Runoff Hydrograph Program
2.11. PROGRAM 2.1. Data Study
Chapter 3 - Open Channel Flow Hydraulics
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Conservation of Mass, Momentum, and Energy
3.2.1. Conservation of Mass
3.2.2. Conservation of Momentum
3.2.3. Conservation of Energy
3.3. Fundamentals of Hydraulics
3.3.1. Hydraulic Grade Line and Energy Grade Line
3.3.2. Specific Energy
3.3.3. The Specific Force
3.3.4. The Hydraulic Jump in a Rectangular Channel
3.4. Gradually Varied Flow
3.4.1. S Profiles
3.4.2. M Profiles
3.4.3. C Profiles
3.4.4. The Standard Step Method
3.5. PROGRAM 3.1. Irregular Channel - Backwater Curve Analysis
3.5.1. PROGRAM 3.1. Data entry
3.6. Unsteady Flow Analysis
3.7. Derivation of the St. Venant Equations
3.7.1. Continuity Equation
3.7.2. Equation of Motion
3.7.3. Assumptions Used in the Derivation of the St. Venant Equations
3.7.4. Meaning of the Various Terms in the St. Venant Equations
3.8. Unsteady Flow Profiles by the Implicit Method with Double Sweep
3.8.1. Continuity Equation
3.8.2. Equation of Motion
3.9. Finite Differences
3.9.1. Continuity Equation
3.9.2. Equation of Motion
3.9.3. Double-Sweep Method
3.9.4. Upstream Boundary Conditions
3.9.5. Forward Sweep Computations
3.9.6. Downstream Boundary Conditions
3.9.7. Backward Sweep
3.10. PROGRAM 3.2. Unsteady Flow Analysis
3.10.1. Program Structure
3.10.2. PROGRAM 3.2. Application
Chapter 4 - Modeling Groundwater Flow
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Equation of Groundwater Flow
4.2.1. Continuity Equation
4.2.2. Mathematical Definition of the Groundwater Problem
4.3. Finite-Element Method
4.3.1. Introduction
4.3.2. Galerkin Method of Weighted Residuals
4.3.3. Trial Functions in One Dimension
4.3.4. Application to One-Dimensional Problem
4.3.5. Trial Functions in Two Dimensions
4.4. Program for Finite-Element Analysis
4.4.1. Program Structure
4.5. Regional Groundwater Problem
4.5.1. Geohydrologic Silting
4.5.2. Groundwater Model
4.5.3. Modeling Approaches
Chapter 5 - Modeling Groundwater Transport
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Equation of Solute Transport
5.2.1. Continuity Equation
5.2.2. Mathematical Definition of the Transport Problem
5.3. Finite-Element Method
5.3.1. Galerkin Method
5.3.2. Assembly of Solution
5.3.3. Solution of the System of Equations
5.4. Program for Finite-Element Analysis
5.4.1. Program Structure
5.4.2. Application to a Simple Problem
5.5. Regional Solute-Transport Problem
5.5.1. Hydrologic Silting
5.5.2. Transport Model
5.5.3. Modeling Approach
Chatper 6 - Water Systems
6.1. Flow in Pipes and Pipe Networks
6.1.1. Introduction
6.1.2. Basic Equations for Pipe Flow Analysis
6.2. Water Properties
6.3. Flow Classification-Reynolds Number
6.4. Pipe Friction Losses
6.4.1. The Darcy-Weisbach Equation
6.4.2. Empirical Formulas
6.5. Minor Losses
6.5.1. Bend Losses
6.5.2. Entrance and Exit Loss Coefficients
6.5.3. Expansion and Contractions
6.6. Pipeflow Calculations-Single Pipe
6.7. Flow in Noncircular Conduits
6.8. Multiple Pipes
6.9. Three Reservoir Analysis
6.10. Pipe Networks
6.11. Hardy-Cross Method
6.12. Hardy-Cross Pipe Network Program
Chapter 7 - Storm Drain System Analysis
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Pressure Flow CADI Model
Appendix A- Lag Relationships
